Ameliorative Effects of Melatonin on Exercise-induced Oxidative Stress and Haematological Response of Untrained Arabian Stallions Following a Race Of 2000 m

Document Type : Research Articles

Authors

1 Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.

2 Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.

3 Department of Biochemistry, Landmark University, Omuaran, Nigeria.

Abstract

We performed this study to evaluate the effects of melatonin on oxidative stress and haematological responses following an exercise of 2000 m at maximum speed. Eighteen untrained, clinically healthy stallions of the Arabian breed with a mean body weight of 401 ± 32.11 kg (395–404 kg) and an age range of 5.7–0.54 years (5–6 years) were used in this research. The subjects were divided into three groups of six stallions each. Group I (MTEX) was treated with melatonin at a dose rate of 0.03 mg/kg orally once daily for one month. Group II (NMTX) was not administered melatonin but exercised, while the last group (OMTX) was neither administered melatonin nor exercised. The results obtained show that post-exercise, the biomarkers of oxidative stress evaluated were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the MTEX group than in the NMTX group. The leucocyte count, neutrophil counts, and the ratio of neutrophil to lymphocyte were higher (p < 0.05) in the NMTX group than in the MTEX group. Furthermore, it was recorded that packed cell volume and the total erythrocyte count were statistically higher (p < 0.05) in the MTEX group than in the NMTX group. Therefore, we concluded that melatonin ameliorated oxidative stress and some haematological parameters will be beneficial to horses subjected to the stress of exercise.

Keywords

Main Subjects


1.    Robson P.J, Alston T.D, Myburgh K.H. Prolonged suppression of the innate immune system in the horse following an 80 km endurance race. Equine Veterinary Journal. 2003; 35: 133-137. 
2.    Kêdzierski W. Correlation of plasma creatine kinase activity and glucose level in exercised Purebred Arabian horses. Medycyna Weterynaryjna. 2011; 67: 541-544. 
3.    Kêdzierski W, Bergero D, Assenza A. Trends of hematological and biochemical values in the blood of young racehorses during standardized field exercise tests. Acta Veterinaria Beograd. 2009; 59: 457-466.
4.    Krumrych W, Gołda R, Gołyński M, Markiewicz H, Buzała M. Effect of physical exercise on cortisol concentration and neutrophil oxygen metabolism in peripheral blood of horses. Annals of Animal Science. 2018; 181:53–68
5.    Ronéus, N, Essén-Gustavsson B. Skeletal muscle characteristics and metabolic response to exercise in young standardbreds. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 1997; 58(2):167–170.
6.    Avenatti R.C, McKeever K.H, Horohov D.W, Malinowski K. Effects of age and exercise on inflammatory cytokines, HSP70 and HSP90 gene expression protein content in Standardbred horses. Comparative Exercise Physiology. 2018; 141:27–46.
7.    Adah A.S, Adah D.A, Nwonuma C.O, Aiyedun JO. Modulatory effects of melatonin on erythrocyte indices in Arabian stallions following a 30-km sub-maximal exercise. Comparative Clinical Pathology. 2020; 29: 921–926. Doi:10.1007/s00580-020-03145-5.
8.    Nemec Svete, A., Vovk, T., Bohar Topolovec, M., and  Kruljc, P. Effects of Vitamin E  Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Oxidative Stress Parameters in Untrained Leisure Horses Subjected to Acute Moderate Exercise. Antioxidants Basel, Switzerland. 2021; 106:908. Doi:10.3390/antiox10060908.
9.    Golbidi S, Frisbee J.C, Laher I. Chronic stress impacts the cardiovascular system, animal models clinical outcomes. American Journal of Physiology. Heart Circulatory Physiology. 2015; 30812: H1476–H1498. Doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00859.2014.
10.    Chrousos G.P. Stress and disorders of the stress system. Nature reviews. Endocrinology. 2009; 57: 374–381. Doi:10.1038/nrendo.2009.106.
11.    Alesci S, Martinez P.E, Kelkar S, Ilias I, Ronsaville D.S, Listwak S.J, Ayala A.R, Licinio J, Gold H.K, Kling M.A, Chrousos G.P, Gold P.W. Major depression is associated with significant diurnal elevations in plasma interleukin-6 levels, a shift of its circadian rhythm, and loss of physiological complexity in its secretion, and clinical implications. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism. 2005; 905: 2522–2530. Doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1667.
12.    Charmandari E, Tsigos C, Chrousos G. Endocrinology of the stress response. Annual Review of Physiology. 2005; 67: 259–284. Doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.040403.120816.
13.    Grundy D, Al-Chaer E.D, Aziz Q, Collins S.M, Ke M, Taché Y, Wood J.D. Fundamentals of neurogastroenterology, basic science. Gastroenterology. 2006; 1305:1391–1411. Doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2005.11.060.
14.    Kambayashi Y, Tsuzuki N, Tokushige H, Kusano K. Comparison of oxidative stress under different propofol administration protocols in Thoroughbred racehorses by bOS and bAP assessment. Journal of Equine Science, 2018; 293: 75–78. 
15.    Rossi R, Lo Feudo C.M, Zucca E, Vizzarri F, Corino C, Ferrucci F. Innovative Blood Antioxidant Test in Stardandbred Trotter Horses. Antioxidants Basel, Switzerland.2021; 10(12):2013.  Doi:10.3390/antiox10122013.
16.    Mrugala D, Leatherwood J.L, Morris E.F, Dickson E.C, Latham C.M, Owen R.N, Beverly M.M, Kelley S.F, White-Springer S.H. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid supplementation alters skeletal muscle mitochondria and antioxidant status in young horses. Journal of Animal Science. 2021; 99(2), skab037. Doi:10.1093/jas/skab037.
17.    Williams C. A. Antioxidant supplementation to the exercising horse. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia. 2010; 39suppl, 145–150. Doi:10.1590/s1516-35982010001300017. 
18.    Culhuac E.B, Elghour M, Adegbeye M.J, Barbabosa-Pliego A, Sale A. Influence of Dietary Selenium on the Oxidative Stress in Horses. Biological Trace Element Research. 2023; 201(4),  1695–1703. Doi:10.1007/s12011-022-03270-y.
19.    Kirschvink N, de Moffarts B, Lekeux P. The oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium in horses. Veterinary Journal London, England. 2008; 177(2): 178–191. Doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.07.033.
20.    Arfuso F, Rizzo M, Giannetto C, Giudice E, Cirincione R, Cassata G, Cicero L, Piccione G. Oxidant  Antioxidant Parameters' Assessment Together with Homocysteine  Muscle Enzymes in Racehorses, Evaluation of Positive Effects of Exercise. Antioxidants Basel, Switzerland. 2022; 11:1176. Doi: 10.3390/antiox11061176.
21.    Tan DX, Hardel R, Manchester LC, Galano A, Reiter RJ. Cyclic-3-hydroxymelatonin C3HOM, a potent antioxidant, scavenges free radicals and suppresses oxidative reactions. Current Medicinal Chemistry. 2014; 21(13):1557–1565. 
22.    Tan DX, Manchester LC, Qin L, Reiter RJ. Melatonin, a mitochondrial targeting molecule involving mitochondrial protection dynamics. International Journal of Molecular Science .2016; 1712,2124. 
23.    Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Rosales-Corral S, Galano A, Zhou XJ, Xu B. Mitochondria, are central organelles for melatonin’s antioxidant anti-aging actions. Molecules Basel, Switzerland .2018; 232,509
24.    White S.H, Warren L.K. Submaximal exercise training, more than dietary selenium supplementation, improves antioxidant status and ameliorates exercise-induced oxidative damage to skeletal muscle in young equine athletes. Journal of Animal Science. 2017; 952: 657–670. Doi:10.2527/jas.2016.1130.
25.    Morvaridzadeh M, Sadeghi E, Agah S, Nachvak S.M, Fazelian, S, Moradi F, Persad E, Heshmati J. Effect of melatonin supplementation on oxidative stress parameters, A systematic review, and meta-analysis. Pharmacological Research. 2020; 161: 105210. Doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105210.
26.    Kruk J, Aboul-Enein B.H, Duchnik E. Exercise-induced oxidative stress, and melatonin supplementation, current evidence. Journal of Physiological Science. 2021; 71(1): 27. Doi:10.1186/s12576-021-00812-2.
27.    Srinivasan V. Melatonin oxidative stress and neurodegenerative diseases. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 2002; 406, 668–679.
28.    Sas K, Robotka H, Toldi J, Vécsei L. Mitochondria, metabolic disturbances, oxidative stress  the kynurenine system, with a focus on neurodegenerative disorders. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2007; 2571(2): 221–239.
29.    Krokosz A, Grebowski J, Szweda-Lewowska Z, Rodacka A, Puchala M. Can melatonin delay oxidative damage of human erythrocytes during prolonged incubation?. Advances in Medical Sciences. 2013; 581: 134–142. 
30.    Clarkson P.M, Thompson H.S. Antioxidants, what role do they play in physical activity  health?. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000; 722 Suppl, 637S–46S. Doi:10.1093/ajcn/72.2.637S.
31.    Favero G, Franceschetti L, Bonomini F, Rodella L.F, Rezzani R. Melatonin as an Anti-Inflammatory Agent Modulating Inflammasome Activation. International Journal of Endocrinology. 2017; 1835195. Doi:10.1155/2017/1835195.
CAPTCHA Image
Volume 15, Issue 2 - Serial Number 31
This issue XML file is being prepared.
July 2023
Pages 67-72
  • Receive Date: 09 November 2022
  • Revise Date: 18 June 2023
  • Accept Date: 27 June 2023
  • First Publish Date: 27 June 2023