Effect of purple coneflower (Echinacea purpora) and garlic (Allium satvium) as a supplemented dietary intake on some non-specific immune status, hematological parameters and growth performance in grower (Huso huso)

Document Type : Research Articles

Authors

1 Gonbad kavous university

2 Gonbad Kavous University

3 Gonbad kavous University

4 Tehran university

5 Tonekabon

Abstract

The effects of orally administered purple cone flower Echinacea purpura and garlic (Allium satvium) on the non-specific immunity and growth condition of beluga weighing 1.15 ± 0.02 kg were evaluated for a period of 60 days. The tree groups of fish were fed two diets containing 0.5% purple coneflower and 1% garlic and a control diet containing no supplemented herb. The growth performance was positively affected by both dietary herbal supplementations (p < 0.05). Among the humoral factors, serum alternative complement, lysozyme and respiratory burst activity increased significantly in all supplemented groups when compared to the control (p < 0.05). These findings demonstrate that dietary Echinacea and garlic can modulate some of the innate defense mechanisms, hematological and growth parameters in Huso huso.

Keywords

Main Subjects


Akrami, R., Abdolmajidi, H., Abbas, M. and Abdolmohammad, A.K. (2009) Effect of dietary prebiotic inulin on growth performance, intestinal micro flora, body composition and hematological parameters of juvenile beluga, Huso huso (Linnaeus, 1758). Journal of World Aquaculture Society 40, 771-779.
Aly, S., Fathi, M. and John, G. (2008) Echinaceaa as Immunostimulatory Agent in Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus: via Earthen Pond Experiment. 8Th International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture, Cairo, Egypt, 1033–1042.
Amagase, H (2006) Clarifying the real bioactive constituents of garlic. Journal of Nutrition 136, 16S- 25S.
Amar, E.C., Kirona, V., Satoha, S. and Watanabea, T. (2004) Enhancement of innate immunity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) associated with dietary intake of carotenoids from natural products. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 16, 527-537.
Ankri, S. and Mirelman, D. (1999) Antimicrobial properties of allicin from garlic. Microbes and Infection 1, 125-129.
Aso, H., Suzuki, F. and Yamaguchi, T. (1985) Induction of interferon and activation of NK cells and macrophages in mice by oral administration of Ge-132, an organic germanium compound. Microbiology and Immunology 29, 65-74.
Barrett, B. (2003) Medicinal properties of Echinacea: A critical review. Phytomedicine 10, 66-86.
Bauer, R., Jurcic, K., Puhlmann, J. and Wagner, H. (1988) Immunological in vivo and in vitro studies with Echinacea extracts. Arzneimittel Forschung 38, 276–281.
Bauer, R. and Wagner, H. (1991) Echinacea species as potential immunostimulatory drugs. In: Wagner H, Farnsworth NR (eds) Economic and Medicinal Plant Research. Vol 5. London: Academic Press Limited 5, 253-321.
Berg, L.S. (1948) Polozhenii Acipenseriformes sisteme ryb. Trudy Zoological Institute (in Russian) 7, 7-57.
Blaxhall, P. (1972) The hematological assessment of the health of freshwater fish: A review of selected literature. Journal of Fish Biology 4, 593-604.
Block, E. (1992) The organ sulfur chemistry of the genus Allium implications for the organic chemistry of sulfur. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 31, 1135–1178.
Bohlouli Oskoii, S., Tahmasebi Kohyani, S.A., Parseh, A., Parviz Salati, A. and Sadeghi, E. (2012) Effects of dietary administration of Echinacea purpurea on growth indices and biochemical and hematological indices in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerlings. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 38:1029–1034.
Brauning, B., Dom, M., Linburg, E. and Knick, E.Z. (1992) Enhancement of resistance in common cold by Echinacea purpurea. Physical Therapy 13, 7-13.
Chakrabarti, R. and Rao, Y.V. (2006) Achyranthes aspera stimulates the immunity and enhances the antigen clearance in Catla catla. International Journal of Immunopharmacology 6, 782-790.
Citarasu, T., Babu, M.M., Raja Jeya Sekar, R. and Marian, M. P. (2002) Developing Artemia enriched herbal diet for producing quality larvae in Penaeus monodon Fabricius. Asian of Fish Science. 15, 21–32.
Corzo Martinez, M., Corzo, N. and Villamiel, M. (2007) Biological properties of onions and garlic. Trends in Food Science and Technology 18, 609-625.
Cuesta, A., Rodriguez, A., Esteban, M.A. and Meseguer, J. (2005) In vivo effects of propolis, ahoneybee product, on gilthead sea bream innate immune responses. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 18, 71–80.
Cundell, D.R., Matrone, M.A., Rarjaczak, P. and Pierce, J.D. (2003) The effect of aerial parts of Echinacea on the circulating white cell levels and selected immune function of the aging male Spague–Dawley rat. International Immunopharmacology 3, 1041–1048.
Degruchy, G.C. (1976) Clinical haematology in medical practice. Blackwell Scientific Publication. Oxford, London.
Dugenci, K.S., Arda, N. and Candan, A. (2003) Some medicinal plants as immunostimulant for fish. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 88, 99-106.
Eggset, G., Mikkelsen, H. and Killie, J.A. (1997) Immunocompetence and duration of immunity against Vibrio salmonicida and Aeromonas salmonicida after vaccination of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) at low and high temperatures. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 7, 247-260.
Ellis, A.E. (2001) Innate host defense mechanisms of fish against viruses and bacteria. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 25, 827–839.
Falahatkar, B., Soltani, M., Abtahi, B., Kalbassi, M.R. and Pourkazemi, M. (2006) Effect of dietary vitamin C supplementation on performance, tissue chemical composition and alkaline phosphatase activity in great sturgeon (Huso huso). Journal of Applied Ichthyology 22, 283-386.
Fazlolahzadeh, F., Keramati, K., Nazifi, S., Shirian, S. and Seifi, S. (2011) Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) on hematological parameters and plasma activities of ALT and AST of Rainbow trout in temperature stress. Australian Journal Of Basic and Applied Sciences 5, 84-90.
Findeis, E.K. (1997) Osteology and phylogenetic relationships of recent sturgeons. In: Birstein, V.J., Waldman, J.R. and Bemis, W.E. (eds) Sturgeon biodiversity and conservation. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp, 73–106.
Gharaei, A., Esmaili sari, A. and Jafari shamoshaki, V. (2009) Bioaccumulation trends of methylmerecuty (MeHg) in different tissues of beluga (Huso huso). Iranian Journal of Biology 22, 619-625.
Ghiasi, F., Mirzargar, S.S., Badakhsh, H. and Shamsi, S. (2010) Effects of low concentration of cadmium on the level of lysozyme in serum, leukocyte count and phagocytic index in Cyprinus carpio under the wintering conditions. Journal of fisheries and Aquaculture Science 5(2), 113-119.
Gholipour kanani, H., Mirzargar, S.S., Soltani, M., Ahmadi, M., Abrishamifar, A., Bahonar, A. and Yousefi, P. (2011) Anesthetic effect of tricaine methanesulfonate, clove oil and electroanesthesia on lysozyme activity of Oncorhynchus mykiss. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 10, 393-402.
Gholipour kanani, H., Nazerian, S., Jafarian, H. and Soltani, M. (2013b) Effect of Echinacea purpurea extract on immune markers and hematology in sturgeon (Huso huso) fish. Online Journal of Veterinary Research 17, 632-641.
Gholipour Kanani, H., Nobahar, Z., Kakoolaki, S. and Jafarian, H. (2013a) Effect of ginger- and garlic supplemented diet on growth performance, some hematological parameters and immune responses in juvenile Huso huso. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, http://link.springer.com/article/ 10.1007%2Fs10695-013-9859-6.
Grimm, W. and Muller, H. (1999) A randomized controlled trial of the effect of fluid extract of Echinacea purpurea on the incidence and severity of colds and respiratory infections. American Journal of Medicine 106, 138-143.
Harikrishnan, R., Kim, J.S., Kim, M.C., Balasundaram, C. and Heo, M.S. (2011) Prunella vulgaris enhances the non-specific immune response and disease resistance of Paralichthys olivaceus against Uronema marinum. Aquaculture 318, 61–66.
Hoseinifar, S.H., Mirvaghefi, A., Mojazi Amiri, B., Khoshbavar Rostami, H. and Merrifield, D.L. (2011) The effect of oligofructose on growth performance, survival and autochthonous intestinal microbiota of beluga (Huso huso) juvenile. Aquaculture Nutrition 17, 498-504.
Hung, S.S.O. and lutes, P.B. (1989) Optimum feeding rate of hatchery produced juvenile white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) at 20. Aquaculture 65, 307-317.
Jafaryan, H., Taati, M.M. and Makhtoumi, N.M. (2010) The effect of probiotic bacillus for promotion of growth and feeding parameters in beluga (Huso huso) larvae via feeding by bioencapsulated Artemia. Aquaculture Aquarium Conservation and amp Legislation International 3, 273-280.
Jalali, M.A., Ahmadifar, E., Sudagar, M. and Takami, G.A. (2009) Growth efficiency, body composition, survival and hematological changes in great sturgeon (Huso huso Linnaeus, 1758) juveniles fed diets supplemented with different levels of Ergosan. Aquaculture Research 40, 804-809.
Jorgensen, J.B., Sharp, G.J.E., Secombes, C.J. and Robertsen, B. (1993) Effect of a yeast cell wall glucan on the bactericidal activity of rainbow trout macrophages. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 3, 267–277.
Khoshbavar Rostami, H.A., Soltani, M. and Hassan, H.M.D. (2006) Immune response of great sturgeon ( Huso huso ) subjected to long-term exposure to sublethal concentration of the organophosphate, diazinon. Aquacul ture 256, 158-164.
Kuhn, G., Ender, K., Thomann, R., Tuchscherer, M., Tuchscherer, A., Stabenow, B., Kruger, M. and Schrodl, W. (2005) Use of Echinacea extract in pregnant and lactating Sauen. Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology 48, 270–282.
Mabrouk, H.A., Labib, E.M.H. and Zaki, M.A. (2011) Response of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings to different replacement levels of fish meal with soybean meal using Garlic and Onion. en.engormix.com /MA-aquaculture/ articles/ garliconion-on-growth-of-tilapia-t2108/ p0.htm.
MacArthur, J.I. and Fletcher, T.C. (1985) Phagocytosis in fish. In: Manning, MJ. and Tatner, M.F. (ed) Fish immunology. Academic Press, London, pp, 29-46.
Magnadottir, B. (2006) Innate immunity of fish (overview). Fish and Shellfish Immunology 20, 137-151.
Maass, N., Bauer, J., Paulicks, B.R., Böhmer, B.M. and Roth Maier, D.A. (2005) Efficiency of Echinacea purpurea on performance and immune status in pigs. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 89, 244–252.
Matsuyama, H., Tanaka, K., Nakao, M. and Yano, T. (1988) Characterization of the alternative complement pathway of carp. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 12, 403–408.
Matthias, A., Banbury, L., Bone, K.M., Leach, D.N. and Lehmann, R.P. (2008) Echinacea alkylamides modulate induced immune response in T cells. Fitoterapia 79, 53-58.
Millet, C., Lloyd, O.M., Williams, D., Williams, C., Evans, D., Saunders, G.R.A. and Cable, J. (2011) Effect of garlic and allium-derived products on the growth and metabolism of Spironucleus vortens. Experimental Parasitology 127, 490-499.
Muller Eberhard, H.J. (1988) Molecular organization and function of the complement system. Annual Review of Biochemistry 57, 321–347.
Ndong, D. and Fall, J. (2006) The effect of garlic (Allium sativum) on growth and immune responses of hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x Oreochromis aureus) ASFA/Fisheries biology, 5, 3-11.
Nya, E.J. and Austin, B. (2011) Development of immunity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) to Aeromonas hydrophila after the dietary application of garlic. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 30, 845-850.
Oluwole, F.S. (2001) Effects of garlic on some haematological and biochemical parameters. African Journal of Biochemistry Research 4, 139 -141.
Ozougwu, J.C. (2011) An investigation of the effects of Allium sativum (Garlic) extracts on hematological profile of white albino rats. Pharmacologyonline 2, 299-306.
Przybilla, P. and Wei, J.B. (1998) Pflanzliche Futterzusatzstoffe in der Schweinemast. Die Mastleistung natürlich verbessern, DGS Magazin 40, 52-57.
Raa, J., Roestad, G., Engstad, R.E. and Robertsen, B. (1992) The use of immunostimulants to increase resistance of aquatic organism to microbial infections. In: Shariff, I.M., Subasinghe, R.P. and Arthur, J.R. (ed) Diseases in Asian aquaculture, Health Fish Section. Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, Philippines, pp, 39-50.
Ress, L., Minney, N., Plummer, J., Slater, J. and Skyrme, D. (1993) A quantitative assessment of the antimicrobial activity of garlic (Allium sativum). World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 9, 303-307.
Sahoo, P.K., Meher, P.K., Mahapatra, K.D., Saha, J.N., Jana, R.K. and Reddy, P.V.G.K. (2004) Immune responses in fullsib families of Indian major carp, Labeo rohita, exhibiting resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Aquaculture 238, 115-125.
Sakai, M. (1999) Current research status of fish immunostimulants. Aquaculture 172, 63-92.
Salah, A.M. and Mohamed, M.F. (2010) Echinacea purpurea and Allium sativum as immunostimulants in fish culture using Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 94, 31–39.
Salah, A.M., John, G., El Naggar, G. and Mohamed, F. (2007) Effect of Echinacea on body gain, survival and some hematological and immunological parameters of Oreochromis niloticus and their response to challenge infection. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 113, 435–445.
Salah, A.M., Mohamed, M.F. and John, G. (2008) Echinacea as immunostimulatory agent in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) via earthen pond experiment. 8th International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture, Egypt, 12-14 October.
Sasagawa, M., Cech, N.B., Gray, D.E., Elmer, W.G. and Cynthia, A.W. (2006) Echinacea alcylamides inhibit interleukin-2 production by jurkat T cells. International Immunopharmacology 6, 1214–1221.
Shalaby, A.M., Khattab, Y.A. and Abdelrahman, A.M. (2006) Effecrs of garlic (Allium sativum) and chloramphenicol on growth performance, physiological parameters and survival of Nile Tilapia (0reochromis niloticus). Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases pp,172-201.
Sivam, G.P. (2001) Recent advances on the nutritional effects associated with the use of garlic as supplement. American Society for Nutritional Sciences pp, 1106-1108.
Soivio, A. and Oikari, A. (1976) Haematological effects of stress on a teleost, Esox lucis L. Journal of Fish Biology 8, 397-411.
Steiner, M. and Li, W. (2001) Aged garlic extract, a modulator of cardiovascular risk factors. Journal of Nutrition 131, 980- 984.
Sudagar, M., Gafari Shamushaki, V, Hosseini, S.A., Gorgin, S. and Aghili, K. (2008) Effect of amimo acids aspartic and alanine as a feed attractant affecting growth and feed conversion of juvenile beluga (Huso huso). Iranian journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources 15, 1-11.
Sumiyoshi, H. (1997) New pharmacological activity of garlic and its constituent (review). Folia Pharmacologica Japonica 110, 93 -97.
Sunyer, J.O. and Tort, L. (1995) Natural haemolytic and bactericidal activities of sea bream Sparus aurata serum are affected by the alternative complement pathway. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 45, 333–345.
Tang, Z.Z., Sheng, S., Lin, X.J., Suin, K. and Yan, M. (1997) Preventive function of garlic on experimental oral precancer and its effector natural killer cells. Bulletin of Hum, Medical University, 22, 31246 - 31248.
Tatina, M., Bahmani, M., Soltani, M., Abtahi, B. and Gharibkhani, M. (2010) Effect of Different Levels of Dietary Vitamins C and E on Some of Hematological and Biochemical Parameters of Sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus). Iranian Journal of Marin Biology 5, 1-11.
Thanikachalam, T., Kasi, M. and Rathinam, X. (2010) Effect of garlic peel on growth, hematological parameters and disease resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila in African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Bloch) fingerlings. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine pp, 614-618.
Tort, L., Gomez, E., Montero, D. and Sunyer, J.O. (1996) Serum haemolitic and agglutinating activity as indicators of fish immunocompetence, their suitability in stress and dietary studies. Aqua International 4, 31–46.
Wu, L., Rowe, E.W., Jeftinija, K., Jeftinija, S., Rizshsky, L., Nikolau, B.J., McKay, J., Kohut, M. and Wurtele, E.S. (2010) Echinacea induced cytosolic Ca2+ elevation in HEK293. Complementary and Alternative Medicine 72, 1-13.
Yousefi, M., Abtahi, B. and Abedian Kenari, A.M. (2010) Effects of captivity and handling stresses on cortisol and glucose levels in giant sturgeon juveniles fed with nucleotide contained diets. Iranian Journal of Natural Resources 63, 147-159.
CAPTCHA Image