Occurrence of Ventricular Candidiasis in a Lovebird (Agapornis fischeri)

Document Type : Short communication

Authors

• Mohsen Nouri ¹
• Zahra Kamyabi ²

¹ Private Veterinary Practitioner

² University of Tehran

10.22067/veterinary.v2i1.3952

Abstract

A young Fisher's lovebird (Agapornis fischeri), showed clinical symptoms with general weakness, diarrhea, ruffled feathers and unilateral extrarhinoectasia and died finally. Gross necropsy revealed marked edema, congestion and hemorrhage on the distal part of the gizzard and proximal part of the duodenum. On microscopic examination, a large number of oval budding yeast-like fungi were observed in a stained smear sample from the gizzard and duodenum by the Giemsa method. Histopathologically, there was epithetlial necrosis in the proventriculus and gizzard and inflammation of the proximal intestine. The pseudohyphae and budding yeast-like organisms were most numerous on the surface and extended deep into the submucosa and muscularis layer. Severe hemorrhage, vasculitis with invasion of fungal organisms into the vessels' wall associated with infiltration of inflammatory cells were observed. The disease was diagnosed as candidiasis in the middle part of digestive tract.

Keywords

• lovebird
• candidiasis
• moniliasis
• gizzard
• duodenum

20.1001.1.2008465.2010.2.1.8.4

Main Subjects

• Mycology

---

References

Baker, J.R. (1986) Trichomoniasis, a major cause of vomiting in budgerigars.Veterinary Record 118, 447-449.

Bangert, R.L., Cho, B.R., Widders, P.R.,Stauber, E.H. and Ward, A.C. (1988) A survey of aerobic bacteria and fungi in the feces of healthy psittacine birds. Avian Disease 32, 46-52.

Carrasco, L., Bautista, M.J., Mulas, J.M. and Jensen, H.E. (1993) Application of EnzymeJmmimohistochemistry for the Diagnosis of Aspergillosis, Candidiasis,and Zygomycosis in Three Lovebirds.

Avian Disease 37, 923-927.

Carrasco, L., Gomez-Villamandos, J.C. and Jensen, H.E. (1998) Systemic candidosis and concomitant aspergillosis and

zygomycosis in two Amazon parakeets (Amazona aestiva). Mycoses 41, 297-301.

Chute, H.L. (1978) Diseases of Poultry, 7th edn., Iowa State University Press, Ames,Iowa.Chute, H.L. (1997) Diseases of Poultry, 10th edn., Iowa State University Press, Ames,

Iowa.

Crispin, S.M. and Barnett, K.C. (1977) Ocular candidiasis in ornamental ducks. Avian Pathology 7, 49-59.

Hubbard, G.B., Schmidt, R.E., Eisenbrandt,D., L., Witt, W.M. and Fletcher, K.C.(1985) Fungal Infections of Venticuli in

captive birds. Journal of Wildlife Disease 21, 25-28.

Jones, T.C.A. and Hunt, R.D. (1983) Veterinary Pathology, 5th edn., Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.Mayeda, B. (1961) Candidiasis in turkeys and chickens in the Sacramento Valley of California. Avian Disease 5, 232-243.

McDougald, L.R. (1991) Diseases of Poultry,10th edn., Iowa State University Press,Ames, Iowa.

Narcisi, E.M., Sevoian, M. and Honigberg,B.M. (1991) Pathologic changes in pigeons infected with a virulent Trichomonas

gallinae strain (Eiberg). Avian Disease 35,55-61.

Nash, H. (2010) Candidiasis in birds: Signs,Treatment, and Prevention of Yeast Infections in Birds.

http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm.

Panigrahy, B., Naqi, S.A., Grumbles, L.C. and Hall, C.F. (1979) Candidiasis in Cockatiel Nestlings and Mucormycosis in a Pigeon.

Avian Disease 23, 757-760.

Patt, D.I. and patt, G.R. (1969) Comparative Vertebrate Histology, Harper and Row,New York.

Redig, P. (1978) Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia,Pennsylvania.

Rich, G.A. (2003) Syndromes and Conditions of Parrotlets, Pionus Parrots, Poicephalus,and Mynah Birds. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine 12, 144-148.

Robbins, S.L. and Cotran, R.S. (1979) Pathologic Basis of Disease, 2nd edn., W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia,

Pennsylvania.

Sato, Y., Aoyagi, T., Kobayashi, T. and Inoue,J. (2001) Occurrences of candidiasis in a Fischer´s love bird and a Budgerigar.Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 63,939-941.

Schmidt, R.E., Reavill, D.R. and Phalen, D.N.(2003) Pathology of pet and aviary bird,Wiley-Blackwell, Ames, Iowa.Silvanose, C.H. (2008) Avian Medicine, 2nd edn., Mosby, London.

Simonetti, W. and Strippoli, V. (1973) Pathogenicity of the Y form to M form in experimen tally induced Candida albicans

infections. Mycopathology and Mycology Applied 51, 19-28.

Tsai, S.S., Park, J.H., Hirai, K. and Itakura, C.(1992) Aspergillosis and Candidiasis in psittacine and passeriforme birds with

particular reference to nasal lesions. Avian Pathology, 21, 699-709.