Effect of apple cider vinegar and vitamin A on hematological parameters and total immunoglobulin G in sheep: a pilot study

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.

2 Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

3 Graduated from Doctor of veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.

Abstract

Apple cider vinegar is a fermented compound that contains acetic acid, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, organic acids, minerals, and vitamins. Vitamin A is involved in the development of the immune system and plays regulatory roles in cellular immune responses and humoral immune processes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of apple cider vinegar and vitamin A on hematological parameters and immunoglobulin G levels in Gezel lambs. 10 healthy Gazel lambs were used for the study. The lambs were randomly grouped into three groups (control (n = 3), Apple cider vinegar (n = 4), and Vitamin A (n = 3) group). Vitamin A was administrated at a dose of 44,000 IU/kg every ten days for four treatments. ACV was administered orally by drenching (0.5 ml/kg of 6% ACV solution (600 mg ACV), every day, for 40 days). Hematological parameters were determined using standard methods. Total immunoglobulin G concentration was assayed using the turbidimetric immunoassay method. The data obtained before and after drug administration were analyzed by paired T-test and the data of different groups were analyzed using Independent-sample T-test.White blood cells, lymphocytes, and IgG in lambs were significantly increased after administration of Apple cider vinegar (p < 0.05). IgG and lymphocytes were significantly higher in lambs under oral administration of Apple cider vinegar compared to the lambs in the control group (p  < 0.05). White blood cells, neutrophils, and IgG were significantly increased in lambs after vitamin A administration (p < 0.05). Neutrophils and IgG were significantly higher in lambs under vitamin A injection compared to the lambs in the control group (p < 0.05). Administration of vitamin A and apple cider vinegar in sheep is safe. They also improve the immune system.

Keywords

Main Subjects


1. Morgan J, Mosawy S. The potential of apple cider vinegar in the management of type 2 diabetes. International Journal of Diabetes Research. 2016;5(6): 129-34. Doi: 10.5923/j.diabetes.20160506.02.
2. Tripathi S, Mazumder PM. Apple cider vinegar (ACV) and their pharmacological approach towards Alzheimer’s disease (AD): A review. Indian J. Pharm. Educ. Res. 2020;54: s67-s74. Doi:10.5530/ijper.54.2s.62.
3. Samad A, Azlan A, Ismail A. Therapeutic effects of vinegar: a review. Current Opinion in Food Science. 2016;8: 56-61. Doi:10.1016/j.cofs.2016.03.001.
4. Hadi A, Pourmasoumi M, Najafgholizadeh A, Clark CC, Esmaillzadeh A. The effect of apple cider vinegar on lipid profiles and glycemic parameters: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies. 2021;21(1): 179. Doi:10.1186/s12906-021-03351-w.
5. Iman M, Moallem SA, Barahoyee A. Effect of apple cider vinegar on blood glucose level in diabetic mice. Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2014;20(4): 163-168. 
6. Nazıroğlu M, Güler M, Özgül C, Saydam G, Küçükayaz M, Sözbir E. Apple cider vinegar modulates serum lipid profile, erythrocyte, kidney, and liver membrane oxidative stress in ovariectomized mice fed high cholesterol. The Journal of Membrane Biology. 2014;247: 667-673. Doi:10.1007/s00232-014-9685-5. 
7. Shishehbor F, Mansoori A, Sarkaki A, Jalali M, Latifi S. Apple cider vinegar attenuates lipid profile in normal and diabetic rats. Pakistan journal of biological sciences: PJBS. 2008;11(23):2634-2638. Doi:10.3923/pjbs.2008.2634.2638.
8. Mota ACLG, de Castro RD, de Araújo Oliveira J, de Oliveira Lima E. Antifungal activity of apple cider vinegar on Candida species involved in denture stomatitis. Journal of Prosthodontics. 2015;24(4): 296-302. Doi:10.1111/jopr.12207.
9. Ahmadifar E, Dawood MA, Moghadam MS, Sheikhzadeh N, Hoseinifar SH, Musthafa MS. Modulation of immune parameters and antioxidant defense in zebrafish (Danio rerio) using dietary apple cider vinegar. Aquaculture. 2019;513: 734412. Doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734412.
10. Ahmadniaye Motlagh H, Javadmanesh A, Safari O. Improvement of non-specific immunity, growth, and activity of digestive enzymes in Carassius auratus as a result of apple cider vinegar administration to diet. Fish physiology and biochemistry. 2020;46(4): 1387-1395. Doi:10.1007/s10695-020-00797-6.
11. Jahantigh M, Kalantari H, Ayda Davari S, Saadati D. Effects of dietary vinegar on performance, immune response and small intestine histomorphology in 1‐to 28‐day broiler chickens. Veterinary Medicine and Science. 2021;7(3): 766-772. Doi:10.1002/vms3.408.
12. Hayajneh FM, Titi HH, Alnimer MA, Irshaid R. Evaluation of anthelmintics resistance against gastrointestinal parasites infection in awassi sheep in Jordan and the use of alternative herbal anthelmentics. Am. J. Anim. Vet. Sci. 2019;14(2); 122-126. Doi:10.3844/ajavsp.2019.122.126.
13. Halima BH, Sarra K, Houda BJ, Sonia G, Abdallah A. Antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of apple cider vinegar on normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research. 2019. Doi:10.1024/0300-9831/a000246.
14. Huang Z, Liu Y, Qi G, Brand D, Zheng SG. Role of vitamin A in the immune system. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2018;7(9): 258. Doi:10.3390/jcm7090258.
15. Ngwu GI, Opara BA, Ngwu MI, Atuogba NC, Ugwuoke WI, Ossai NI, et al. Effects of apple cider vinegar on haemato-biochemical parameters of gestating rats and morphometric indices of their pups at delivery. Comparative Clinical Pathology. 2021;30(6): 953-960. Doi:10.1007/s00580-021-03294-1.
16. Abdulkareem ZA, Mohammed NI, Abdollahi A, Ahmed OR, Ghaffar OR, Khdir HA, et al. Effects of garlic, onion, and apple cider vinegar as a herbal mixture on performance and blood traits of broilers inoculated with chicken infectious anemia virus. Heliyon. 2023;9(7). Doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17768.
17. Hayajneh F. Natural feed additives for broiler chickens. South African Journal of Animal Science. 2019;49(5): 869-875. Doi:10.4314/sajas.v49i5.9. 
18. Hosseini ZSM, Hosseini J, Nabati S, Hasanshahi G, Mahmoodi M. Survey on the anti-diabetic effects of vinegar on some biochemical factors in type 2 diabetic patients. Clinical Biochemistry-New York. 2011;44(13): 2. Doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2011.08.543.
19. Pourmozaffar S, Hajimoradloo A, Miandare HK. Dietary effect of apple cider vinegar and propionic acid on immune-related transcriptional responses and growth performance in white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Fish & shellfish immunology. 2017;60: 65-71. Doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2016.11.030.
20. Ahmadniaye Motlagh H, Sarkheil M, Safari O, Paolucci M. Supplementation of dietary apple cider vinegar as an organic acidifier on the growth performance, digestive enzymes and mucosal immunity of green terror (Andinoacara rivulatus). Aquaculture Research. 2020;51(1): 197-205. Doi:10.1111/are.14364.
21. Safari R, Hoseinifar SH, Nejadmoghadam S, Khalili M. Apple cider vinegar boosted immunomodulatory and health promoting effects of Lactobacillus casei in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Fish & shellfish immunology. 2017;67: 441-448. Doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2017.06.017.
22. Semba R, Scott A, Natadisastra G, West Jr K, Sommer A. Effect of vitamin A supplementation on immunoglobulin G subclass responses to tetanus toxoid in children. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 1994;1(2): 172. Doi: 10.1128/cdli.1.2.172-175.1994.
23. Semba RD. The role of vitamin A and related retinoids in immune function. Nutrition reviews. 1998;56(1): S38-S48. 
24. Twining SS, Schulte DP, Wilson PM, Fish BL, Moulder JE. Vitamin A deficiency alters rat neutrophil function. The Journal of Nutrition. 1997;127(4): 558-565. 
25. Davis DG, Schaefer DM, Hinchcliff KW, Wellman ML, Willet VE, Fletcher JM. Measurement of serum IgG in foals by radial immunodiffusion and automated turbidimetric immunoassay. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2005;19(1); 93-96. Doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02664.x.
26. Ferris RA, McCue PM. How to use a quantitative turbidimetric immunoassay to determine immunoglobulin G concentrations in neonatal foals, Proceedings of the... annual convention, 2009.
CAPTCHA Image
Volume 16, Issue 3 - Serial Number 36
This issue XML files are being prepared.
September 2024
Pages 85-91
  • Receive Date: 27 September 2023
  • Revise Date: 14 May 2024
  • Accept Date: 10 August 2024