ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Central interaction of ascorbic acid and D2 dopamine receptors on spatial learning and memory in adult male rats
Previous studies had reported that extracellular levels of ascorbic acid have modulatory effects on dopamine receptors. Both ascorbic acid and dopamine receptor have an important role in learning and memory processes. However, the central interaction between ascorbic acid and dopamine D2 receptor on spatial learning and memory has not yet been elucidated.All experiments were carried out on male Wistar rats. Animals were subjected to 5 days of training in the Morris water maze (MWM) task; 4 days with an invisible platform to test special learning and the 5th day with a visible platform to test motivation and sensorimotor coordination.The data showed that ascorbic acid (25 µg, i.c.v.) could improve spatial learning and memory indices. Administration of bromocriptine, a D2 agonist, increased the effect of ascorbic acid, while treatment with the selective D2 antagonist sulpiride resulted in prevention of the ascorbate-induced memory consolidation. These results indicate that dopamine D2 receptors may be involved in ascorbic acid-induced learning and memory impairment.
https://ijvst.um.ac.ir/article_27092_ba247b32e4083846ebb729a954392019.pdf
2014-06-01
1
15
10.22067/veterinary.v6i1.23148
Ascorbic acid
dopamine D2 receptors
learning and memory
morris water maze
rats water maze
Rats
Sima
Nasri
s_nasri2000@yahoo.com
1
Payam Noor University of Tehran
AUTHOR
Mehri
Bahaaddini
mehri_bahaadini@yahoo.com
2
Taalim and Tarbiat Colledge of Kerman
AUTHOR
mehdi
abbasnejad
mabbas@uk.ac.ir
3
Shahid Bahonar University
LEAD_AUTHOR
Saeed
Esmaeili-Mahani
semahani@uk.ac.ir
4
Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Ramin
Raoof
raoof_ramin@yahoo.com
5
Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman
AUTHOR
Abbasnejad, M., Nasri, S., Nazem, H., Bahaaddini, M. (2008) The effect of ascorbic acid injection into the lateral ventricle on spatial learning and memory in adult male rats. Physiology and Pharmacology 12, 227-237.
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Dai, F., Yang, J. Y., Gu, P. F., Hou, Y., Wu, Ch. F. (2006) Effect of drug-induced ascorbic acid release in the striatum and the nucleus accumbens in hippocampus-lesioned rats. Brain Research 1125(1), 163–170.
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El-Ghundi, M., O'Dowd, B.F., George, S.R. (2007) Insights into the role of dopamine receptor systems in learning and memory. Reviews in the neurosciences 18(1), 37-66.
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Esmail, M.H., Doodangeh, E., Sharif,i M. (2003) The effect of ascorbic acid on spatial learning. The Journal of Qasvin 24, 3-8
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Esmaeilpour-Bezenjani., Kh. and Abbasnejad., M. (2013) Effect of administration of ascorbic acid and dopamine D2 receptors agonist in the hippocampal CA1 area on spatial learning and memory in adult male rats. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, 14(2), 126-132.
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Fiona, E., Harrison, James, M. (2009) May Vitamin C function in the brain: vital role of the ascorbate transporter SVCT2. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 46(6), 719-730.
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Harrison, F.E., Hosseini, A.H., McDonald, M.P., Dawes, S.M., Weaver, S., May, J.M. (2009) Vitamin C reduces spatial learning deficits in middle-aged and very old APP/PSEN1 transgenic and wild-type mice. Pharmacology. Biochemistry and Behavior 93, 443–450.
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Harrison, F.E. and May, J.M. (2009) Vitamin C function in the brain, vital role of the escaped transporter SVCT. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 15, 719-730.
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Ichihara, K. (1989) Differential effects of pimoside and SCH23390 on acquisition of learning in mice. European Journal of Pharmacology 164, 189-195.
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Liu, W., Wu, C.F., Hung, M., Xiao, K. (2000) Opposite effects of sulpiride and SCH23390 on ethanol-induced striatal ascorbic acid release in intact and 6-hydroxy dopamine lesioned rats. Brain Research 869, 31-38.
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Luciana, M. and Collins, F. (1997) Dopaminergic modulation of working memory for spatial but not object cues in normal humans. Cognitive Neuroscience 9, 330-347.
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Majewska, M.B., Bell, J.A., London, E.D. (1990) Regulation of the NMDA receptor by redox phenomena-Inhibitory role of ascorbate. Brain Research 537, 328-332.
22
Myhrer, T. (2003) Neurotransmitter systems involved in learning and memory in the rat: a meta-analysis base on studies of four behavioral tasks. Brain Research 41, 268-287.
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Packard, M.G. and McGaugh, J.L. (1994) Quinpirole and d-amphetamine administration posttraining enhances memory for spatial and cued discriminations in a water maze. Psychobiology 22, 54–60.
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Packard, M.G. and White, N.M. (1989) Memory facilitation produced by dopamine agonists: Role of receptor subtype and mnemonic requirements. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 33, 511–518.
25
Pal, M. and Dhingra, D. (2003) Ascorbic acid: a promising memory-enhanced in mice, Journal of Pharmacological Sciences 93, 129–135.
26
Phebus, L.A., Roush, M.E., Clemens, J.A., (1990) Effect of direct and indirect dopamine agonists on brain extracellular ascorbate levels in the striatum and nucleus accumbens of awake rats. Life Sciences 47, 1317-1323.
27
Pierce, R.C., Rowlett, J.K., Rebec, G.V., Bardo, M.T. (1995) Ascorbate potentates amphetamine-induced conditioned place preference and forebraindopamine release in rats. Brain Research 688, 21–26.
28
Rebec, G.V. and pierce, C.P. (1994) A Vitamin as neuromodulator: ascorbate release into the extracellular fluid of the brain regulates dopaminergic and glutaminergic transmission. Progress in Neurobiology 43, 537-565.
29
Reis, E.A., Zugno, A.I., Franzon, R., Tagliari, B., Matte, C., Lammers, M.L. (2002) Pretreatment with vitamins E and C prevent the impairment of memory caused by homocysteine administration in rats. Metabolic Brain Disease 17(3), 211-217.
30
Setlow, B. and McGaugh, J. (1999) Differential effects of immediate post-training sulpiride infusions into the nucleus accumbens core and shell on retention in the Morris water maze. Psychobiology 27, 248–255.
31
Setlow, B. and McGaugh, J. (1999) Involvement of the posteroventral caudate-putamen in memory consolidation in the Morris water maze. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 71, 240–247.
32
Shahidi, S., Komaki, A., Mahmoodi, M., Atrvash, N., Ghodrati, M. (2008) Ascorbic acid supplementation could affect passive avoidance learning and memory in rats. Brain Research Bulletin 76, 109-1113.
33
Shimizu, H., Bray, G.A. (1989) Hypothalamic monoamines measured by microdialysis in rats treated with 2-Deoxy–Glucose or fenfluramine. Physiology & Behavior 46, 799-807.
34
Tolbert, L.C., Thomas, T.N., Middaugh, L.D., Zemp, J.W. (1979) Ascorbate blocks amphetamine-induced turning behavior in rats with unilateral Nigro-striatal lesions. Brain Research Bulletin 4(1), 43-48.
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Tolbert, L.C., Morris, P.E., J.r., Spollen, J.J., Ashe, S.C. (1992) Stereospecific effects of ascorbic acid and analogues on D1 and D2 agonist binding. . Life Sciences 51(12), 921-930.
36
Tveden-Nyborg, P., Johansen, L.K., Raida, Z., Villumsen, C.K., Larsen. J.O., Lykkesfeldt, J. (2009) Vitamin C deficiency in early postnatal life impairs spatial memory and reduces the number of hippocampal neurons in guinea pigs. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 90, 540-546.
37
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Skin colonization by Malassezia species in healthy neonatal calves and their dams
The aim of this study was to assess skin colonization by Malassezia species in full-term healthy newborn calves and their dams. Two hundred samples from the skins and ears of 50 neonatal calves and their dams were examined on two occasions, first and fourth weeks after birth. All of the samples were determined by cytological examination and fungal culture. The isolated yeasts were identified for Malassezia spp. using the conventional techniques based on the morphological and physiological characteristics. All the samples included in the first and fourth weeks showed typical Malassezia cells on cytological examination. Colonization with Malassezia species was obtained in 11.5% of neonatal calves and their dams. The most commonly isolated species in neonates with culture-positive results was M. pachydermatis (68.75%), followed by M. sympodialis (12.5%), M. furfur (6.25%), M. globosa (6.25%) and M. slooffiae (6.25%).The most commonly isolated species in dams with culture-positive results was M. pachydermatis (85.71%), followed by M. furfur (14.3%). This study confirms that Malassezia colonization of the skin begins at the first week of life. A high prevalence of M. pachydermatis in neonates is noted from first week. Environmental factors and maternal contact probably affect this colonization, but neonatal skin characteristics are probably important.
https://ijvst.um.ac.ir/article_27127_05e03ab304521dd5751a187c407ca5d2.pdf
2014-06-01
16
22
10.22067/veterinary.v6i1.20752
neonatal calves
dams
skin colonization
Malassezia species
M. pachydermatis
Fatemeh
Ahmadi
fatemeh.ahmadi86@gmail.com
1
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
AUTHOR
Samaneh
Eidi
eidi@um.ac.ir
2
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad,Mashhad,Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Hesam A.
seifi
haseifi@um.ac.ir
3
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
AUTHOR
Ahtonen, P., Lehtonen, O. P., Kero, P., Tunnela, E. and Havu, V. (1990): Malassezia furfur colonization of neonates in an intensive care unit. Mycoses 33, 543-547.
1
Ashbee, H. R., Leck, A. K., Puntis, J. W. L., Parsons, W. J. and Evans, E. G. V. (2002): Skin colonization by Malassezia in neonates and infants. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 23(4), 212-216.
2
Ayhan, M., Sancak, B., Karaduman, A., Arıkan, S. and Sxahin, S. (2007): Colonization of neonate skin by Malassezia species: Relationship with neonatal cephalic pustulosis. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 57, 1012-1018.
3
Bell, L. M., Alpert, G., Slight, P. H. and Campos, J. M. (1988): Malassezia furfur skin colonization in infancy. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 9, 151-153.
4
Bernier, V., Weill, F. X., Hirigoyen, V., Elleau, C., Feyler, A., Labreze, C., Sarlangue, J., Chene, G., Couprie, B. and Taieb, A. (2002): Skin Colonization by Malassezia Species in Neonates. Archives of Dermatology 138, 215-218.
5
Crespo, M. J., Abarca, M. L. and Cabanes, F. J. (2002): Occurrence of Malassezia spp. in horses and domestic ruminants. Mycoses 45, 333–337.
6
Duarte, E.R., Batista, R. D., Hahn, R. C. and Hamdan, J. S. (2003): Factors associated with the prevalence of Malassezia species in the external ears of cattle from the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Medical Mycology 41(2), 137-142.
7
Duarte, E. R. and Hamdan, J. S. (2008): Molecular characterization of M. sympodialis and M. furfur from cattle with and without otitis. . Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinaria e Zootecnia 60(4), 779-785.
8
Duarte, E.R., Melo, M. M., Hahn, R. C. and Hamdan, J. S. (1999): Prevalence of Malassezia spp. in the ears of asymptomatic cattle and cattle with otitis in Brazil. Medical Mycology 39(3), 159-162.
9
Gaitanis, G., Bassukas, I. D. and Velegraki, A. (2009): The range of molecular methods for typing Malassezia. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 22, 119–125.
10
Gueho, E., Midgley, G. and Guillot, J. (1996): The genus Malassezia with description of four new species. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 69, 337–355.
11
Guillot, J., Gueho, E. and Lesourd, M. (1996): Identification of Malassezia species. A practical approach. Journal of Medical Mycology 6, 103–110.
12
Hirai, A., Kano, R., Makimura, K., Duarte, E. R., Hamdan, J. S., Lachance, M. A., Hideyo Yamaguchi, H. and Hasegawa, A. (2004): Malassezia nana: A novel lipid-dependent yeast isolated from Animals. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 54(2), 263-266.
13
Koseki, S. and Takahashi, S. (1988): Serial observation on the colonization of Pityrosporum orbiculare (ovale) on the facial skin surface of newborn infants. Japanese Journal of Medical Mycology 29, 209-215.
14
Leeming, J. P., Notman, F.H. and Holland, K.T. (1989):The distribution and ecology of Malassezia furfur and cutaneous bacteria on human skin. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 67, 47-52.
15
Leeming, J. P., Sutton, T. M. and Fleming, P. J. (1995): Neonatal skin as a reservoir of Malassezia species. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 14,719-720.
16
Leyden, J. J. (1982): Bacteriology of newborn skin, pp. 167-181. In: Maibach H, Boisits EK, editors. Neonatal skin: structure and function. New York, Markel Dekker.
17
Mayser, P., Haze, P., Papavassilis, C., Pickel, M., Gruender, K. and Gueho, E. (1997): Differentiation of Malassezia species: selectivity of Cremophor EL, castor oil and ricinoleic acid for M. furfur. British Journal of Dermatology 137, 208–213.
18
Powell, D. A., Hayes, J., Durell, D. E., Miller, M. and Macron, M. J. (1987): M. furfur skin colonization of infants hospitalized in intensive care units. Journal of Pediatrics 111, 217-220.
19
Rapelanoro, R., Mortureux, P., Couprie, B., Maleville, J. and Taieb, A. (1996): Neonatal Malassezia furfur pustulosis. Archives of Dermatology 132, 190-193.
20
Ro, B. I. and Dawson, T. L. (2005): The role of sebaceous gland activity and scalp microfloral metabolism in the etiology of seborrheic dermatitis and dandruff. Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings 10, 194 –197.
21
Shattuck, K. E., Cochran, C. K., Zabransky, R. J., Pasarell, L., Davis, J. C. and Malloy, M. H. (1996): Colonization and infection associated with Malassezia and Candida species in a neonatal unit. Journal of Hospital Infection 34, 123-129.
22
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A molecular (PCR) survey on abortions caused by Campylobacter spp. in sheep flocks located on the suburb of Tabriz
Campylobacteriosis is an important infectious disease of animals and humans caused by the pathogenic Campylobacter species. A total number of 132 aborted sheep fetuses and related placentas were admitted to the large animal clinic at the University of Tabriz, from October 2010 to March 2011. Tissue samples were collected from several fetal organs including liver, brain, kidney, lung, spleen, heart, stomach fluid and placenta, then separately pulverized under liquid nitrogen and finally stored at -20°C until DNA extraction. Of 132 submissions (fetuses and placentas), 12 (9.09%) and 2(1.51%) samples were diagnosed positive to the Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus and Campylobacter jejuni by the PCR protocol, respectively. No samples were positive for Campylobacter coli.
https://ijvst.um.ac.ir/article_27144_5f4b0a264157a85e06eefb35acbf1ffc.pdf
2014-06-01
23
29
10.22067/veterinary.v6i1.23248
Campylobacteriosis
abortion
Sheep
PCR
Samaneh
Fallah
samanehfallah88@yahoo.com
1
University of Tabriz
AUTHOR
hossein
hamali
hamali@tabrizu.ac.ir
2
University of Tabriz
LEAD_AUTHOR
Raziallah
Jafari Joozani
rjoozani@tabrizu.ac.ir
3
University of Tabriz
AUTHOR
Payman
Zare
pzare@tabrizu.ac.ir
4
University of tabriz
AUTHOR
Gholamreza
Norsaadat
drnoursaadat@yahoo.com
5
Tabriz Veterinary Network
AUTHOR
Agerholm, J. S., Aalbaek, B., Fog-Larsen, A. M., Boye, M., Holm, E., Jensen, T. K., Lindhardt, T., Larsen, L. E. & Buxton, D. (2006). Veterinary and medical aspects of abortion in Danish sheep. Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Scandinavica 114, 146–152.
1
Butzler, J.P. (2004) Campylobacter, from obscurity to celebrity. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 10, 868-876.
2
Campero, C.M., Anderson, M.L., Walker, R.L., Blanchard, P.C., Barbano, L., Chiu, P.,Martinez, A., Combessies, G., Bardon, J.C., Cordeviola, J.( 2005) Immunohistochemical identification of Campylobacter fetus in natural cases of bovine and ovine abortions. Journal of veterinary medicine. B, Infectious diseases and veterinary public health 52(3), 138-141.
3
Ekin, I.H., Gurturk, K., Arsalan, A., Boynukara, B.(2006) Prevalence and characteristics of Campylobacter species isolated from gallbladder of slaughtered sheep in Van, (eastern) Turkey. Acta Vetterinaria Brno 75, 145-149.
4
Fenwick S.G., West D.M., Hunter J.E., Sargison N.D., Ahmed F., Lumsden J.S., Collett M.G. (2000) Campylobacter fetus fetus abortions in vaccinated ewes. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 48(5), 155-157.
5
Firouzi, R. (2006) Bacteriological study of abortion in ewes of Shiraz area. Journal of Veterinary Research 61(1)15-17.
6
Hedstromr , O.R., Sonn, R.J., Lassen, E.D., Hultgren, B.D., Crisman, R.O., Smith, B.B., Snyder S.P.( 1987) Pathology of Campylobacter jejuni Abortion in Sheep. Veterinary Pathology 24(5), 419- 426.
7
Hum S., Quinn K., Brunner J. and On S.L.W. (1997). Evaluation of a PCR assay for identification and differentiation of Campylobacter fetus subspecies. Australian Veterinary Journal 75, 827-831.
8
Mannering, S. A., West, D. M., Fenwick, S. G., Marchant, R. M. & O'Connell, K. (2006). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of Campylobacter jejuni sheep abortion isolates. Veterinary Microbiology 115, 237–242.
9
Means, R. (2007) Other infectious causes of abortion. In: Aitken ID, editor. Diseases of sheep. Blackwell, Oxford: 131-132.
10
Noakes, D.E., Parkinson, T.J., England, G.C.W. (2001). Arthur's veterinary Reproduction & Obstetrics. 8th ed., Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders Co. 564-565.
11
Peel, B, Mason, R. (1993) Ovine Campylobacteriosis. In Austalian Standard Diagnostic Techniques For Animal Diseases, edited by Corner LA and Bagust TJ, CSIRO for the Standing Committee on Agriculture and Resource Management, east Melbourne : 85-87.
12
Persson S, Olsen KE. (2005) Multiplex PCR for identification of Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni from pure cultures and directly on stool samples. Journal of Medical Microbiology 54(11), 1043-1047.
13
Sadeghi, M.R., Ghaem Maghami, S.Sh.A.D., Bakhshesh, M., Moradi S. Ganji, A., Ahmadi, M.(2008) A survey on bacterial abortion of sheep and goats in Markazi province. Journal of Veterinary Medicine (Sanandaj) 2(4), 1-6.
14
Salihu, M.D., Junaidu, A.U., Oboegblem, S.I., Egwu, G.O. (2009) Prevalence and biotypes of Campylobacter species isolated from sheep in Sokoto state. International Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 1(1), 6-9.
15
Shahrokhabadi R, Rahimi E, Mommtaz H, Poursahebi R. (2013) Prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni and coli in sheep carcasses by using cultural and PCR method. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 15, 29-32.
16
Simor A.E., Karmali M.A., Jadavji T., Roscoe M. (1986) Abortion and perinatal sepsis associated with Campylobacter infection. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 8(3), 397-402.
17
Sippy, R., Sandoval-Green, C.M.J., Sahin, O., Plummer, P., Faribanks, W.S., Zhang, Q., Blanchong, J.A. (2012) Occurrence and molecular analysis of Campylobacter in wildlife on livestock farms. Veterinary Microbiology 15, 157 (3-4), 369-375.
18
Sudworth, P. (2001) Campylobacter: diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Nursing Times.net. 97(22), 54.
19
Tadjbakhsh, H., Ahmadi, M., Fakhrzadegan, F., Nadalian, M.G. (2000) A survey on Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus infections in sheep around Tehran and Esfahan. Journal of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran 55(3), 69-71.
20
Tangvatcharin, P., Chanthachum, S., Kopaiboon, P., Inttasungkha, N., Griffiths, M.W. (2005) Comparison of methods for the isolation of thermo tolerant Campylobacter from poultry. Journal of Food Protection 68, 616-620.
21
Uaboi-Egbenni, P.O, Bessong, P.O., Samie, A., Obi, C.L. (2010) Campylobacteriosis in sheep in farm settlements in the Vhembe district of South Africa. African Journal of Microbiology Research 4(20), 2109-2117.
22
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Detection of antibiotic residues in poultry carcasses in Mashhad poultry abattoir
In poultry breeding, use of any antibiotics as a food additive that promotes growth, prevention or treatment of infectious diseases will increase the chance of drug residues in poultry meat products. In this study, the presence of different antibiotics in ten broiler flocks, which were later transported to Mashhad poultry abattoir have been investigated, using four plate test (FPT) method. A total of one hundred breast muscle and sixty liver samples (10 breast muscles and 6 liver samples from each flock) were collected randomly. The results of this study showed, the 18.75% of samples were positive for antibiotic residues and 6.88% of samples were suspected. The results also showed that sulfonamides residue in meat and liver samples were higher than other investigated antibiotics (22% in meat and 11.7% in livers). It can be concluded that the withdrawal time of antibiotics before slaughter has been ignored in many of these farms therefore, the administration of antibiotics in poultry farms must be more rigidly controlled to prevent drug residues in food-producing animals.
https://ijvst.um.ac.ir/article_27180_265dea5a8e2ce6f66bc8445e02496315.pdf
2014-06-01
30
36
10.22067/veterinary.v6i1.26316
Antibiotic residues
poultry
meat, liver
withdrawal time
four plate test
Farideh
Ghasemi
1
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
AUTHOR
Behrooz
Fathi
behrooz048@gmail.com
2
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
LEAD_AUTHOR
Abdollah
Jamshidi
jamshidi638@yahoo.com
3
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
AUTHOR
Al-Ghamdi, M. S., Al-Mustafa, Z. H., El-Morsy, F., Al-Faky, A., Haider, I. and Essa, H. (2000) Residues of tetracycline compounds in poultry product in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia. Public Health 114, 300-304.
1
Cerina, S., Krastina, V. and Vitina, I. (2011) Production and expenses of enriched composition broiler chicken meat in Latvia. Agronomy Research 9, 383-388.
2
Charlton K. E., Probst Y., Tapsell L.C. and Blackall J. P. (2008) Food, health and nutrition: Where does chicken fit? Australian Chicken Meat Federatio (ACMF) Inc, publication p:1-19.
3
Dipeolu, M. A. and Alonge, D. O. (2002) Residues of streptomycin antibiotic in meat sold for human consumption in some states of SW Nigeria. Archivos de Zootecnica 51, 477-480.
4
Donoghue, Dan, J. (2003) Antibiotic residues in poultry tissues and eggs: human health concerns? Poultry Science 82, 618-621.
5
Givens, D, I. (2005) The role of animal nutrition in improving the nutritive value of animal derived foods in relation to chronic disease. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 64, 395-402.
6
Hussein, K., Marcinak, S., Mate, D., Kozarova, Ivona., Sokol, J. and Zdolec, N. (2005) Use of Premi test for the detection sulphonamide residues in chicken eggs. Acta Veterinaria (Beogard). 55 (5-6), 493-500.
7
Hussein, K. (2001) Experimental design for the microbiological four-plate test for the detection of Sulphadimidine residues at the levels of concern. The Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 48, 403-407.
8
Ivanovic, S. (2003) Investigation of the influence of probiotics on the selected indicators of broiler’s meat hygiene and quality, PhD. Thesis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Belgrade University, Serbia (in Serbian).
9
Javadi, A., Mirzaie, H. and Khatibi, S. A. (2011) Effect of roasting, boiling and microwaving cooking methods on Enrofloxacin residues in edible tissues of broiler. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 5(2), 214-218.
10
Javadi, A., Mirzaie, H. and Khatibi, S. A. (2009) Effect of roasting process on antibiotic residues in edible tissues of poultry by FPT method. Journal of Animal and veterinary Advances 8(12), 2468-2472.
11
Kabir, J., Umoh, V. J., Audu-okoh, E., Umoh, J. U. and Kwaga, J. K. (2004) Veterinary drug use in poultry farms and determination of antimicrobial drug residues in commercial eggs and slaughtered chicken in Kaduna State, Nigeria, Food Control 15(2), 99-105.
12
Karraouan, B., Bouchrif , B., Ziyate, N., Talmi, A., Yahia, Kh. I. S., Cohen, N and Fassouane, A. (2009) Evaluation of multi-plate microbial assay for the screening of antibacterial residues in poultry muscle. Europian Journal of Scientific Research 35(2), 311-317.
13
Kaya, S. E. and Filazi, A. (2010) Determination of antibiotic residues in milk samples. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 16, 31-35.
14
Kirbis, A. (2007) Microbiological screening method for detection of aminoglycosides, β-lactames, macrolides, tetracyclines and quinolones in meat samples. Slov Vet Res 44(1/2): 11-18.
15
Korsrud, G. O., Boison, J.O., Nouws, J.F. and MacNeil, J. D. (1998) Bacterial inhibition tests used to screen for antimicrobial veterinary drug residues in slaughtered animals. Journal of AOAC International. 81, 21-24.
16
Lemus, J. A., Blanco, G., Grande, J., Arroyo, B., Garcia-Montijano, M. and Martinez, F. (2008) Antibiotics threaten wildlife: circulating quinolone residues and disease in avian scavengers. PLoS ONE. 3(1), 1-6.
17
Lynas, L., Currie, D., Elliott, C. T., McEvoy, J. D. and Hewitt, S. A. (1998) Screening for chloramphenicol residues in the tissues and fluids of treated cattle by the four plate test, Charm II radioimmunoassay and Ridascreen CAP-Glucuronid enzyme immunoassay. Analyst. 123, 2773-2777.
18
Mahgoub, O., Kadim, I. T., Mothershaw, A., Al Zadjali, S. A. and Annamalai, K. (2006) Use of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of antbiotic and anabolic residues in goat and sheep meat. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2 (3), 298-302.
19
Meredith, W. E., Weiser, H. H. and Winter, A. R. (1965) Chlortetracycline and Oxytetracycline residues in poultry tissues and eggs. Applied Microbiology 13(1), 86-88.
20
Myllyniemi, A. L. (2004) Development of microbiological methods for the detection and identification of antimicrobial residues in meat. National Veterinary and Food Research Institue. Helsinki, Finland.
21
Paryad, A. and Mahmoudi, M. (2008). Effect of different levels of supplemental yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae) on performance, blood constituents and carcass characteristics of broiler chicks. African Journal of Agricultural Research 3(12), 835-842.
22
Reyes-Herrera, I., Schneider, M. J., Cole, K., Farnell, M. B., Blore, P. J. and Donoghue, D. J. (2005) Concentration of antibiotic residues vary between different edible muscle tissues in poultry. Journal of Food Protection 68(10), 2217-2219.
23
Saitanu, K., Amornsin, A., Kondo, F. and Tsai C. E. (1994). Antibiotic residues in tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon). Asian Fisheries Science 7, 47-52. Stead, S., Sharman, M. and Tarbin, J. A. et al. (2004) Meeting maximum residue limits: an improved screening technigue for the rapid detection of antimicrobial residues in animal food products. Food Additive and Contaminants 21, 216-221.
24
Tajik, H., Maleknejad, H., Razavi-Rouhani, S. M., Pajouhi, R. Mahmoudi, M. R. and Haghnazari, A. (2010) Chloramphenicol residues in chicken liver, kidney and muscle: A comparison among the antibacterial residues monitoring methods of Four Plate Test, ELISA and HPLC. Food and Chemical Toxicology 48(8-9), 2464-2468.
25
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Laxative effect of bitter almond (Amygdalus communis var. amara)
Thepossible laxative and prokinetic effects of bitter almond were studied: 1- two groups of 7 rats were gavaged with ethanol extract of bitter almond (500mg/kg) or placebo and the number of feces, fecal weight and its percentage of water were studied 18-24h thereafter. 2- Ethanol extract of bitter almond (125 or 250mg/ml), lactulose (as positive control) or placebo was randomly injected into jejuna segments in anesthetized rats (n=9). The volume of the fluid in each segment was measured after 1h. 3- Gastrointestinal (GI) transit time was studied in rats treated with the extract or placebo using phenol red. The rats were sacrificed at times 30min, 1, 2 and 4h. ethanol extract of bitter almond at 500mg/kg significantly increased fecal weight and water. It had no significant effects on the osmotic infiltration of fluid into the intestine or on the transit time of the contents in the GI tract. The current results suggest that bitter almond has a laxative effect that seems to be due to malabsorption of electrolytes and water via enterocytes.
https://ijvst.um.ac.ir/article_27221_5d80e9ac4812b7e3fe222ff89230d79f.pdf
2014-06-01
37
47
10.22067/veterinary.v6i1.19398
bitter almond
Amygdalus communis var. amara
laxative
prokinetic
Hamid Reza
Kazrani
kazrani@yahoo.co.uk
1
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
LEAD_AUTHOR
Seddigheh
Jalali
s_jalali_87@yahoo.com
2
Payame Noor University of Tehran
AUTHOR
Abbaszadeh, M.,Kazerani, H.R. and Kamrani, A. (2010).Laxative effects of Rosa damascena Mill in dogs. Journal of Applied Animal Research 38, 89-92.
1
Arezoomandan, R., Kazerani, H.R. and Behnam-Rasooli, M. (2011).The laxative and prokinetic effects of Rosa damascena Mill in rats. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences14,161-169.
2
Bromley, J., Hughes, B.G., Leong, D.C. and Buckley, N.A. (2005). Life-threatening interaction between complementary medicines: Cyanide toxicity following ingestion of amygdalin and vitamin C. Annals of Pharmacotherapy 39,1566–1569.
3
Brunton, L., Parker, K., Blumenthal, D. and Buxton, L. (2008). Goodman and Gilman’s Manual of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division, New York.
4
Carter, J. H., McLafferty, M.A. and Goldman, P. (1980). Role of the gastrointestinal microflora in amygdalin (laetrile)-induced cyanide toxicity.Biochemical Pharmacology 29,301-304.
5
Cunningham, J.G. and Klein, B.G. (2007). Textbook of Veterinary Physiology. 4thedn., Saunders Elsevier,Missouri.
6
Gangarosa, L.M. and Seibert, D.G. (2003). Drugs used in gastrointestinal disorders.In C.R. Craig, andStitzelR. E., editors.Modern Pharmacology with Clinical Applications. 6thedn., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,Hagerstwon.
7
Greenberg, D.M. (1980).The case against laetrile: the fraudulent cancer remedy. Cancer 45,799-807.
8
Hall, A.H. and Rumack, B.H. (1986). Clinical Toxicology of Cyanide. Annals of Emergency Medicine 15,1067–1074.
9
Heikkila, R.E. and Cabbat, F.S. (1980). The prevention of alloxan-induced diabetes by amygdalin. Life Sciences 27, 659-662.
10
Humphreys, D.J. (1998).Veterinary toxicology. 3rdedn.,BaillierTindall. London.
11
Hwang, H.J., Kim, P., Kim, C.J., Lee, H.J., Shim, I., Yin, C.S., Yang, Y. and Hahm, D.H. (2008). Antinociceptive effect of amygdalin isolated from Prunusarmeniaca on formalin-induced pain in rats. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 31,1559-1564.
12
Jiagang, D., Li, C., Wang, H., Hao, E., Du, Z., Bao, C., Lv, J. and Wang, Y. (2011). Amygdalin mediates relieved atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E deficient mice through the induction of regulatory T cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 411,523-529.
13
Katzung, B.G., Trevor, A.J. and Masters, S.B. (2009). Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. 11thedn., McGraw-Hill Medical. New York.
14
Lin, W.C. and Lin, J.Y. (2011).Five bitter compounds display different anti-inflammatory effects through modulating cytokine secretion using mouse primary splenocytesin vitro. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 59,184-192.
15
Martindale, W. and Reynolds, J.E.F. (1989).Martindale the Extra Pharmacopoia.The Pharmaceutical Press. London.
16
Martinez, V., Wu, S.V. and Tache, Y. (1998). Intracisternal antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to the thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor blocked vagal-dependent stimulation of gastric emptying induced by acute cold in rats. Endocrinology 139,3730-3735.
17
Milazzo, S., Lejeune, S. and Ernst, E. (2007).Laetrile for cancer: a systematic review of the clinical evidence. Supportive Care in Cancer 15,583-595.
18
Mir-Heidar, H. (1995).Ma’arefGiahi.Vol 1, 2nded,.DaftarNashrFarhangIslami. Tehran (Persian).
19
Newmark, J., Brady, R.O., Grimley, P.M., Gal, A.E., Waller, S.G., Thistlethwaite, J.R. (1981). Amygdalin (Laetrile) and prunasin beta-glucosidases: distribution in germ-free rat and in human tumor tissue. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 78, 6513–6516.
20
Rietjens, I.M., Martena, M.J., Boersma, M.G., Spiegelenberg, W. and Alink, G.M. (2005).Molecular mechanisms of toxicity of important foodborne phytotoxins. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research 49,131-158.
21
Sanchez-Perez, R., Jørgensen, K., Olsen, C.E., Dicenta, F. and Møller, B.L. (2008). Bitterness in almonds. Plant Physiology 146,1040-1052.
22
Shim, S.M. and Kwon, H. (2010).Metabolites of amygdalin under simulated human digestive fluids. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 61,770-779.
23
Vickers, A. (2004). Alternative cancer cures: "unproven" or "disproven"? CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 54,110-118.
24
Zargari, A. (1992). Medicinal Plants, Vol 2. 5thedn., Tehran University Press. Tehran.
25
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A survey on hepatic and renal trace elements status of sheep and goats in Zarrinshahr region, Isfahan, Iran: an abattoir study
Hepatic and renal contents of essential trace elements provide good clues to monitor the nutritional status of grazing animals. Liver and kidney samples were collected from 60 sheep and 60 goats slaughtered in Zarrinshahr abattoirs and analyzed for essential trace elements. Hepatic Fe concentrations were significantly higher in sheep than goats. There were also higher renal and hepatic Fe concentration in age group of 2-4 year Scompared with age groups of
https://ijvst.um.ac.ir/article_27238_f27788be32e3c8953ea90a8bc718a844.pdf
2014-06-01
48
57
10.22067/veterinary.v6i1.33927
Sheep
goat
Trace elements
industrial pollution
liver
kidney
Iman
Amani
1
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
AUTHOR
kamran
Sharifi
shariffp@um.ac.ir
2
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
AUTHOR
mohamad reza
aslani
mraslani@ferdowsi.um.ac.ir
3
University of Shahrekord
LEAD_AUTHOR
Abdonnaser
Mohhebi
4
University of Shahrekord
AUTHOR
Adei, E; Forson-Adaboh, K (2008) Toxic (Pb, Cd, Hg) and essential (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn) metal content of liver tissue of some domestic and bush animals in Ghana. Food Additives and Contaminants B 1, 100-105.
1
Arvapalli RK, Paturi S, Laurino JP, Katta A, Kakarla SK, Gadde MK, Wu M, Rice KM, Walker EM, Wehner P, Blough ER (2010) Deferasirox decreases age-associated Iron accumulation in the aging F344XBN rat heart and liver. Cardiovascular Toxicology 10, 108-116.
2
Coleman, ME; Elder, RS; Basu, P and Kopennal, G (1992) Trace elements in edible tissues of livestock and poultry. Journal of AOAC International 75, 615-625.
3
FAO/WHO (1992) Codex alimentarius commission standard programme. Codex committee on food additives and contaminants. 24th session, Hague, Netherlands, 23-48 March.
4
Jarup, L (2003) Hazards of heavy metal contamination. British Medical Bulletin 68, 167-182.
5
Falandysz, J; Kotecka, W; Kannan, K (1994) Mercury, lead, cadmium, manganese, copper, iron and zinc concentrations in poultry, rabbit and sheep from the northern part of Poland. Science Total Environment 141, 51-57.
6
Jorhem, L; Sundstorm, B; Astrand, Ch; Haeggland, G (1989) The levels of zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, chromium,nickel, cobalt, and aluminium in the meat, liver and kidney of swedish pigs and cattle. Zeitschrift für Le0bensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 188, 39-44.
7
Jukna, C; Jukna, V; Siugzdaite, J (2006) Determination of heavy metals in viscera and muscles of cattle. Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 9, 35-41.
8
Lopez Alonso, M; Benedito, JL; Miranda, M; Castillo, C; Hernandez, J; Shore, RF(2002) Interactions between toxic and essential trace metals in cattle from a region with low levels of pollution. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 42, 165-172.
9
Menzies, PI; Boermans, H; Hoff, B; Durzi, T; Langs. L (2003) Survey of the status of copper, interacting minerals, and vitamin E levels in the livers of sheep in Ontario. Canadian Veterinary Journal 44, 898–906.
10
Radostits, OM; Gay, CC; Hinchcliff, KW; Constable, PD (2007) Veterinary Medicine. 10th Edn, Saunders, London.
11
Reykdal, O; Thorlacius, A (2001) Cadmium, mercury, iron, manganese and zinc in the liver and kidney of Icelandic lamb. Food Additives and Contaminants 18, 960-969.
12
Salisbury, CDC; Chan, W; Saschenbrecker, PW (1991) Multielement concentrations in liver and kidney tissues from five species of Canadian slaughter animals. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists 74, 587- 591.
13
Spears, JW (1984) Nickel as a "newer trace element" in the nutrition of domestic animals. Journal of Animal Science 56, 823-835.
14
Swaileh, KM; Abdulkhaliq, A; Hussein, RM; Matani, M (2009) Distribution of toxic metals in organs of local cattle, sheep, goat and poultry from the West Bank, Palestinian Authority. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 83, 265-268.
15
Thompson LJ, Hall JO, Meerdink GL (1991) Toxic effects of trace element excess. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice 7, 277-306.
16
Wilkinson, JM; Hill, J; Phillips CJ (2003) The accumulation of potentially-toxic metals by grazing ruminants. Proceeding of the Nutrition Society 62, 267-277.
17
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The epidural analgesic effects of Meloxicam in dogs
Epidural analgesia is an effective and frequent method used to induce analgesia in perineal region during orthopedic or obstetric procedures of pain management. 18 healthy mixed-breed dogs, were randomly divided into three groups. Lumbosacral epidural analgesia was performed in all dogs in the following order: lidocaine (0.2 mg/kg) in group A, meloxicam (0.1 mg/kg ) in group B and the combination of both drugs in group C. Heart rate, respiratory rate and body temperatures were recorded for every 5 minutes, while analgesia onset time, duration of analgesia and paralysis were also recorded in all dogs. Without any systemic complications, no significant difference was observed in mean heart rate, respiratory rate and body temperature in all groups (p>0.05). Duration of analgesia was significantly lower in group B (59 ± 15) compared to group A (109±10) and C (127± 24) (p
https://ijvst.um.ac.ir/article_27267_89699feb191c4f846ec2b0f99165d879.pdf
2014-06-01
58
69
10.22067/veterinary.v6i1.18912
Epidural analgesia
meloxicam
Lidocaine
Dog
Azin
Tavakoli
azin.tavakoli@gmail.com
1
Islamic Azad University- Garmsar Branch
LEAD_AUTHOR
Brockway, MS., Bannister, J., McClure, JH., McKeown, D., Wildsmith, JA. (1991) Comparison of extradural ropivacaine and bupivacaine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 66, 31-37.
1
Canduz, B., Aktug, H., Maviog˘lu, O., Erkin, K., Yilmaz, O. (2007) Epidural lornoxicam administration – innocent. Journal of Clinical Neurosciences 14, 968–974.
2
Caulkett, N., Read, M., Fowler, D., Woldner, CA. (2003) Comparision of analgesic effects of butorphanol withthose of meloxicam after elective Ovariohysterectomy in dogs. Canadian Veterinary journal 44, 565 – 570.
3
Dolan, S., Kelley, JG, Huan, M., Nolan, AM. (2003) Transient up-regulation of spinalcyclooxygenase-2 and neuronal nitric oxide synthase following surgical inflammation. Anesthesiology 98, 170-180.
4
Fowler, D., Isakow, K., Caulkette, N., Waldner, CH. (2003) An evaluation of the analgesic effects of meloxicam in addition to epidural morphine / mepivacain in dogs undergoing Cranial Cruciate ligament repair. Canadian Veterinary journal 44, 643 – 648.
5
Furst, DE. (1997) Meloxicam: selective COX-2 inhibition in clinical practice. Seminars in Arthritis Rheumatoid 26, 21-27.
6
Gangwar, AK., Devi, S., Singh, HN., Maurya, SK., Waghaye, JY. (2008) Epidural use of meloxicam for the management of traumatic arthritis in bovine. Indian journal of animal sciences 78, 10-14.
7
Hall, LW., Clarke, KW, Trim, CM. (2001). General principles of local analgesia. In: Veterinary anaesthesia. 10 th ed. Philadephia: WB Saunders Co 229-243.
8
Karnik, PS., Johnston, S., Ward, D., Broadstone, R., Inzana, K. (2006) The effects of epidural deracoxib on the ground reaction forces in an acute stifle synovitis model. Veterinary Surgery 35, 34-42.
9
Komoda, Y., Nosaka, S., Takenoshita, M. (2003) Enhancement of lidocaine-induced epidural anesthesia by deoxyaconitine in the rabbit. Journal of Anestheiology 17, 241-245.
10
Masue, T., Dohi, S., Asano, T., Shimonaka, H. (1999) Spinal antinociceptive effect of epidural nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on nitric oxide-induced hyperalgesia in rats. Anesthesiology 91, 198-206.
11
Pereira, DA., Marques, SJA. (2009) Morphine, Xylazin and meloxicam in pain management after ovario Salpingohysterectomy of bitches. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medecina Veterinaria e Zootecina 61, 353-361.
12
Robertson, SA., Taylor, PM. (2004) Pain management in cats – past , present and future. Part 2.Treatment of pain – Clinical pharmacology. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 6, 321– 333.
13
Scott, DA., Blake, D., Buckland, M., Etches, R., Halliwell, R., Marsland, C., Merridew, G., Murphy, D., Paech, M., Schug, SA., Turner, G., Walker, S., Huizar, K., Gustafson, U. (1999) A comparison of epidural ropivacaine infusion alone and in combination with 1, 2 and 4 µg/mL fentanyl for seventy-two hours of postoperative analgesia after major abdominal surgery, a dose finding study. Anesthesia and Analgesia 88,857-900.
14
Torske, KE, Dyson, DH. (2000) Epidural analgesia and anesthesia. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 30, 859-874.
15
Wang, BC., Li, D., Hiller, JM., Hillman, DE., Pasternack, BS., Turndorf, H. (1995) The antinociceptive effect of S-(+)-Ibuprofen in rabbits: epidural versus intravenous administration. Anesthesia and Analgesia 80, 92-96.
16
Zaric, D., Nydahl, PA., Philipson, L., Samuelsson, L., Heierson, A., Axelsson, K. (1996) The effect of continuous lumbar epidural infusion of ropivacaine (0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3%) and 0.25% bupivacaine on sensory and motor block in volunteers.A double blind study. Regional Anesthesia 21,14-20.
17
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Case report: Follow-up, diagnosis, clinical evidence, laboratory evaluation, and treatment of Idiopathic thrombocytopenia using human Intravenous Immunglobulin in a terrier dog
The aim of the present case report is to describe the outcome, hematological and biochemical changes of treatment of idiopathic thrombocytopenia in a Terrier dog using human intravenous immunglobulin. The complete blood count, serum biochemistry, indirect immunofluorescence antibody and direct coomb’s tests, radiography and sonography were performed. Laboratory findings indicated sever thrombocytopenia (
https://ijvst.um.ac.ir/article_27051_f5e790c0f1a024b50cada89819e17dc0.pdf
2014-06-01
64
70
10.22067/veterinary.v6i1.22023
Dog
Idiopathic thrombocytopenia
Treatment
Human intravenous immunoglobulin
Ezzatollah
Fathi
ez.fathi@tabrizu.ac.ir
1
University of Tabriz, Tabriz-Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Shahram
Jamshidi
shjamshidi@ut.ac.ir
2
Tehran university, Iran
AUTHOR
Bexfield, N.H., Villiers, E.J., and Herrtage, M.E. (2005) Immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia and thrombocytopenia associated with Anaplasma phagocytophilum in a dog. Journal of Small Animal Practice 46, 543–548.
1
Bianco, D., Armstrong, P.J., and Washabau, R.J. (2009) A prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study of human intravenous immunoglobulin for the acute management of presumptive primary immune-mediated thrombocytopenia in dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 23(5), 1071-1078.
2
Botsch, V., Ku chenhoff, H., and Hartmann, K. (2009) Retrospective study of 871 dogs with thrombocytopenia. Veterinary Record 164, 647–651.
3
Duval, D. and Giger, U. (1996) Vaccineassociated immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in the dog. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 10, 290-295.
4
France, E.K., Glanz, J., and Xu, S. (2008) Risk of immune thrombocytopenic purpura after measles-mumps-rubella immunization in children. Pediatrics 121, 687–692.
5
Hay, F.C., and Westwood, O.M.R. (2002) Practical immunology, 4th edn., Oxford, Blackwell.
6
Huang, A.A., Moore, G.E., and Scott-Moncrieff, J.C. (2012) Idiopathic Immune-Mediated Thrombocytopenia and Recent Vaccination in Dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 26, 142–148.
7
Janeway, C.A., Travers, P., Walport, M., and Schlomchik, M. (2005) Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease New York. Garland Science Publishing 85–89.
8
Karlikaya, G., Yuksel, G., Yildirim, B., Orken, C., and Tireli, H. (2007) Intravenous Immunglobulin Treatment; The Effect On Different Hematological and Biochemical Parameters. Journal of Neurological Sciences 11, 104-108.
9
Kurata, Y., Fujimura, K., Kuwana, M., Tomiyama, Y and Murata, M. (2011) Epidemiology of primary immune thrombocytopenia in children and adults in Japan: a population-based study and literature review. International Journal of Hematology 93(3), 329-335.
10
Lee, K.Y., Lee, H.S., Hong, J.H., Han, J.Q., Lee, J.S., and Whang, K.T. (2005) High dose intravenous immunoglobulin downregulates the activated levels of inflammatory indices except erythrocyte sedimentation rate in acute stage of Kawasaki Disease. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 51(2), 98-101.
11
Lemieux, R., Bazin, R., and Neron, S. (2005) Therapeutic intravenous immunoglobulins. Molecular Immunology 42, 839-848.
12
Marion, L., and Kruth Jackson, A. (1985) Immune-mediated Hemolytic Anemia and Thrombocytopenia in the Dog: A retrospective study of 55 cases diagnosed from 1979 through 1983 at the Western College of Veterinary Medicine. Canadian Veterinary Journal 26(8), 245-250.
13
O'Marra, S.K., Delaforcade, A.M., and Shaw, S.P. (2011) Treatment and predictors of outcome in dogs with immune-mediated thrombocytopenia. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 238(3), 346-352.
14
Scorpio, D.G., Wachtman, L.M., Tunin, R.S., Barat, N.C., Garyu, J.W., and Dumler, J.S. (2008) Retrospective clinical and molecular analysis of conditioned laboratory dogs (Canis familiaris) with serologic reactions to Ehrlichia canis, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Rickettsia rickettsii. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Sciences 47, 23-28.
15
Scott-Moncrieff, J.C., and Reagan, W.J. (1997) Human intravenous immunoglobulin therapy. Seminars in Veterinary Medicine and Surgery (small Animal) 12(3),178-185.
16
Smedile, L.E., Houston, D.M., Taylor, S.M., Post, K., and Searcy, G.P. (1997) Idiopathic, asymptomatic thrombocytopenia in Cavalier King Charles spaniels: 11 cases (1983-1993). Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 33(5), 411-415.
17
Waner, T., Leykin, I., and Shinitsky, M. (2000) Detection of platelet- bound antibodies in Beagle dogs after artificial infection with Ehrlichia canis. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 77, 145–150.
18